بررسی ویژگی‌های موثر هنر اجرا در آثار مارینا آبراموویچ

In contemporary terms, the body was used as the object of art. The performances have a message and sometimes refer to sexuality and highlight the fact that the human body can be used as a canvas. Some used images of others on their bodies to integrate them with body art, such as Hannah Wilke, who used images of herself and her mother on her body. Performance art can be seen as the evolution of other arts such as cosplay, which were drawn from entertainment to creating a work of art. This depicted the presence of the audience in a space and its participation to examine various feelings and results. The performance art movement integrates elements of various arts through the body of the artist. This research points to the investigation of the effect of each of the elements of performance art in the types of mixed arts in Abramović's works. The art of performance, which is called live art in some Anglo-Saxon countries, is branched from the visual arts, but while it is close to the show, it is very different from it in nature. Being alive, real and in the moment and emphasizing the use of the performer's body as artistic material is one of the main features of performance art. The art of performance started from visual arts and painting. After some time, this group of artists came to the conclusion that their art has become commercial and is only bought and sold by merchants. To prevent this, they proposed body drawing as a solution, in such a way that she began to roll on the white surface with her body, to which music was added over time. Over time, the art of performance opened a path for itself and found its fans. This art contains many other arts in its heart, which has caused the emergence of special features for it, but the effect of each of these features on the performance art itself is different. This research aims to extract each of the features and specify each of them in Abramović's works answer the question of what is the most effective contributing factor for each of these features in Abramović's works.
The research method in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative nested type, which is chosen in the qualitative stage of selecting Abramović's performances by means of Delphi, a future study with three phases (brainstorming, limitation, selection). Their weight is calculated for each of the works and selected works are selected as the examined sample. Sampling at this stage is based on a purposeful and preference system. After selecting Abramović's performances, the quantitative stage begins. In this stage, a questionnaire with a Likert scale is compiled and distributed to each of Abramović's works. The sample size is 384 informants who were selected from a society with the criterion of entering the research and according to the upper limit of Morgan's table. The results are analyzed in JMP software by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results are presented in the form of comparison. Validity is calculated with CVR=0.76 and reliability with Cronbach's alpha (0.78).
The research findings include two parts: qualitative and quantitative findings. In the qualitative findings, the expert panel is requested to first study the features extracted in the theoretical bases and to clarify the types of performance art works of Marina Abramović. Give a score of 1 to 10 according to each of these features and the ability to check. In the next stage, the experts were dealt with as a separate panel and they were asked to rank the works selected by each panel. Experts are asked to rate the works on their board's editing lists; Average rank is calculated for each item. In each list, evaluation is done using W Kendall and this continues until they reach an agreement and some of the variables of the first round are removed.
In the quantitative findings, the coefficient of determination of each of the characteristics in relation to each of Abramović's works is done separately to determine the range of the variables. The highest concordance of answers and the lowest amount of range after the narration of the performer and improvisation belong to the focus on confusion, and the lowest concordance of answers and the highest range are found in the feature of stillness.
According to the results specified in this research, it was found that the various features of performance art have high coefficients and the majority of features have appeared in different ways in her works, but the use of stillness in her works has been different. Sometimes as a determining role and sometimes as a secondary factor in Abramović's works; but according to the obtained results, the majority of the respondents consider the characteristics of the works to be the narration of the performer and improvisation. In general, according to the obtained results, it can be understood that the coefficients of the characteristics are higher in the performances where the audience has a greater determining role, and the more the audience and sensory involvement, the more the effects of higher coefficients are noted.
The uniqueness of Abramović's performance can be seen in challenging the audience. She considers the audience to be the main pillar of performance art, so that this art gets its meaning through the performer and the audience. These two important things cannot be separated, like the subject and the object in other works, they are directly next to each other and are a reason to define each other, and the art of performing art is a synthesis based on the art of the body, which in order to preserve its nature needs to include features that every artist shows some of them more in their work. Marina Abramović observes all the features in her works with high coefficients, but she considered the most obvious feature of her works to be improvisation, an art that appears specific and appropriate to the time and can respond to the present and the times. It is a performance and news innovation attracts the audience and arouses the maximum attention of the viewer as if it has distinguished him from the world. also, her own narration in her works plays a decisive role in creating her unique art. She breaks the boundaries of time and space with her body and from it. In her view, the body has the highest potential to attract the audience because the audience feels that nothing is represented and that everything is real and emerges in time. In domestic arts, the mentioned features can be used for the success of local arts in the form of performance art and try to increase the coefficients of these features in a special way.